Death Penalty for Children Essay

Capital punishment issue has consistently been one of the most significant issues of the contemporary arrangement of equity. A long time back most of the crooks were male more than 20 years of age, yet these days the circumstance has changed. Adults are condemned as well as kids who are under 18 years of age these days they perpetrate murders and other awful wrongdoings. Nonetheless, a youngster is consistently a kid and on the off chance that he carries out a wrongdoing it isn't on the grounds that he has a decent life truth be told, it isn't the blame of the kids, they don’t have the fortune of having anyone who cherishes, supports and leads them in the right heading. Under these conditions a youngster ought to never be condemned to death since they despite everything get an opportunity to change and rethink their life. A kid isn't intellectually equipped for understanding the wrongdoing the person in question submits, others can without much of a stretch impact kids and their mystic procedure isn't steady yet. Most of the negative appearances are procured from parent’s conduct and the child’s social condition. In the event that the youngster has just forceful and vicious models in his social condition, he won’t acknowledge the guide of his folks or instructors then the child’s character misshapes. A kid is definitely not a criminal grown-up and ought to never be dealt with like that, it is increasingly essential to forestall kids for carrying out wrongdoings and recall that youngsters just reflect what the family and the general public have placed into their heads. Considering, kids ought to experience childhood in a solid domain with adoration and regard for the live of themselves as well as other people, this is the best approach to forestall more violations. Governments and society must comprehend that a kid is impression of a glad home, at that point they should begin to improve their conduct to improve their homes and the world.

Risk Assessment Case Study Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Hazard Assessment Case Study Evaluation Essay The hazard appraisal contextual investigation assesses the chromium-tainted soils. Twelve years of research went into the examination to portray the wellbeing dangers brought about by the chromium-tainted soils. Inside New Jersey there were at any rate three diverse chromate compound assembling organizations working, one in Kearny, New Jersey, and the other two in Jersey City. The investigation was led through a human wellbeing hazard evaluation, which contains four principle steps; first recognizing the danger, second the portion reaction appraisal, trailed by the introduction appraisal, and concluding with the hazard portrayal. There are many short and long haul wellbeing impacts found inside the hazard evaluation, which is one explanation that appraisal is so significant. Taking a gander at the hazard appraisal that was done inside the region, the last ramifications was the basic truth that a medicinal cleaning should have been done inside the region. It appears that there may have been a significant expense for the examination and the real cleanup, yet the advantage of sparing a domain and human wellbeing is extremely valuable. Hazard evaluation examines are essential to human and environmental wellbeing, in this manner regardless of the expense related the advantage will consistently be a lot higher. Taking a gander at the hazard appraisal of chromium-defiled soils is significant; it shows wellbeing impacts identified with chromium and what should be done to clean the region for additional utilization by people and nature. The contextual analysis remembers a gathering of risky waste destinations for Northern New Jersey. At these waste locales a progression of extraordinary research endeavors were executed in the course of recent years to improve the exactness of the Risk Assessment process† (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). The contextual analysis explicitly records the utilization of applied research to propel the portrayal of both introduction and harmfulness related with the uncontrolled arrival of hexavalent and trivalent chromium as chromites metal handling buildup (COPR) in a urban setting (Paustenbac h, 2002). Early examination started after redevelopment of specific neighborhoods in downtown Jersey City prompted the disclosure of COPR. Research led by the team uncovered that development organizations and pulling firms had sued or offered the COPR to fill cellars of annihilated structures, as base for parking garages and structures, or potentially to fill low †lying territories (Paustenbach, 2002). An aggregate of 2,138 surfaces and subsurface soil tests, 31 groundwater tests from 31 observing wells at seven destinations, 33 surrounding air tests, 19 surface-water and 11 residue tests, and eight structure divider wipe tests were gathered and dissected during the healing examination that was directed by Environmental Sciences and Engineering (ESE). Because of the examinations led in the late 1980s plainly there was impressive vulnerability about how better to describe the potential wellbeing dangers related with the COPR destinations. â€Å"The human wellbeing hazard evaluation an improvement used to process the estimation, the nature, and the possibility of an unfavorable wellbeing impacts happening in people who might be presented to synthetic concoctions sullied with ecological media† (EPA, 2012, p. 1). The hazard evaluation can be ordered into four stages; the danger distinguishing proof, the portion reaction appraisal, the introduction appraisal, and the hazard portrayal. The least demanding to perform and the most unmistakable, the initial step is to distinguish the risks. Peril distinguishing proof decides if presentation to a dangerous operator could be a hazard for the wellbeing of people. The appraisal additionally considers the introduction to creatures and how the risky specialist may influence or unfavorably influence the creatures. The subsequent advance, the portion reaction appraisal is â€Å"the procedure of portraying the connection between the portion of an operator regulated or got and the frequency of an unfavorable wellbeing impact in uncovered populaces and evaluating the occurrence of the impact as an element of introduction to the agent† (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). Impacting issues are a variable in the subsequent advance, for example, age, sex, schedules, the sum they are uncovered, and the volume that they are uncovered. A portion reaction relationship depicts how the chance and seriousness of unfavorable wellbeing impacts are identified with the sum and state of introduction to an agent† (EPA, 2012, p. 1). The third step is the introduction appraisal. â€Å"Exposure appraisal is the procedure wherein the power, recurrence, and term of human presentation to an operator are estimated† (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). Last, the last advance is the hazard portrayal. The dangerous impact o n wellbeing is named in the last stage. By count and taught surmises, the frequency of a wellbeing impact under the different states of human or creature presentation portrayed in the introduction appraisal is characterized. The people group has not been altogether influenced by the COPR †containing soils. â€Å"The property estimations have been kept unblemished and the organizations on influenced properties have proceeded to operate† (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). At the point when the COPR was ub the procedure of removal, there was practically zero worry for the natural and human wellbeing dangers that would happen because of the conveyance of COPR outside the plant. The conceivably uncovered populaces were characterized by on location and encompassing area use. â€Å"Exposures to chromium in COPR were accepted to happen by means of inward breath of suspended soil particulates, dermal contact with soil, and coincidental soil ingestion† (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). The information from the site studies were utilized in site-explicit hazard appraisals to evaluate exposures. Section nine checked that the there were 42 properties influence by the presentation and poisonousness evaluations (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). There were numerous examples taken. Somewhere in the range of 1986 and 1989 â€Å"a aggregate of 2,138 surface and subsurface soil tests, 31 groundwater tests from observing wells situated at 7 destinations, 33 surrounding air tests, 19 surface-water and 11 silt tests, and 8 structure divider wipe tests were gathered and examined during the RI† (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). Surface water and soil tests were additionally taken in the hazard evaluations. The evaluations affirmed that there was without a doubt an issue and that a medicinal was required. The hazard portrayal demonstrated that something should have been done and remediation was required for these current empty parcels. Results checked that the introduction and harmfulness appraisal had a high poisonousness in the dirt and cancer-causing that individuals were presented to noticeable all around, soil, and water. Confirm demonstrated that indoor residue was exceptionally harmful and yielded a connection between the residue and chromium levels. Significant levels of chromium were unmistakable in all tests. The cancer-causing mixes of chromium were not demonstrated in one, however, done on guinea pigs. The issue was passed around inside the organization however was in the long run overseen is as yet being taken care of today. The ramifications of these evaluations have changed with each appraisal done. Every appraisal could test much more precisely. The last evaluation was that there is a need to focused exertion on the chromium left from these destinations. Each progression was correctly performed and precisely completed. Impediments emerged during the initial step of distinguishing proof. Once more, the subsequent advance portion reaction was restricted by the exploration that had been done on chromium. When they would document an appraisal, there would be another increasingly exact test accessible that would make the report wrong. The constraints and recently surfaced appraisals left unanswered inquiries and worries with the evaluations. This 12-year term changed a period of new advancements in testing. With the accessibility of these new tests it brought the requirement for additional evaluations. The last evaluations show that cleanup is required and will require broad wanting to get it going. The appraisals were intended to find the consequences of how much chromium was in the zone. The impact on the strength of people and the earth was likewise related inside the appraisals. Over the 12-year time frame, the appraisals were assessed and satisfied to their fullest potential. As indicated by Paustenbach (2002), in Chapter 9, â€Å"the cost of the 12-year study approached 10 million dollars in research† (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). Results can be found in the endeavor of the evacuation of soil in these zones and taken to a risky material dump in Canada. By bringing down the degrees of chromium in these regions, similar to the wetlands, they have spare a one of a kind domain in America. As per the Njdep Site Remediation Program (2012) the cleanup in these territories are progressing and the testing is being posted on this site to show what the levels are in these zones (NJDEP, 2012). The individuals living and working in the specific zones will most profit by the program. The individuals can remain in tuned with the every day tasks, alongside the level appraisals, through the site. Despite the fact that the investigation was long, â€Å"the considers directed have brought down the liabilities by very nearly 1 billion dollars† (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). The reasonable ramifications of the hazard evaluation were that there would need to be a medicinal cleanup. â€Å"A audit of chromium toxicology proposed that valence separation in the earth would be vital to accurately figuring wellbeing defensive cleanup principles and expanding the advantage of every dollar focused on remediation† (Paustenbach, 2002, p. 1). The particular objective methodology was down to earth since it tended to the issues and concocted a strategy. Numerous large organizations don't have a game plan and this blocks the procedure to be effective in the remediation procedure. Another explanation behind the common sense of the hazard evaluation was that they had the option to spending plan for how much the therapeutic and the cleanup would c

Commercial Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Law - Essay Example The death of any hazard related with safeguarding of the property sold or during the time spent being sold is represented by Section 20(1) of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 which gives as follows:- â€Å"Unless in any case concurred, the merchandise stay at the merchants hazard until the property in them is moved to the purchaser, however when the property in them is moved to the purchaser the products are at the purchasers chance whether conveyance has been made or not.†3 The acquisition of the six speed drill seems to have vested in Alex before dispatch by the merchant since he paid for the drill by means of Visa via phone. As per Section 20(1) of the Sale of Goods Act, 1979 the property was moved to Alex and keeping in mind that in travel stays at his hazard. In any case, the drill didn't fit in with particulars since it was a three speed drill as opposed to the predefined six speed drill. Thus, Alex as purchaser has a privilege to dismiss non-adjusting merchandise. The law presumes that the gatherings plan that the merchandise will fit the portrayal as accommodated in the offer of goods’ contract. On the off chance that at the hour of shipment the products don't comport with the agreement portrayal: â€Å"†¦if there was a quantitative imperfection in the products adding up to a break of a crucial term or to a penetrate of condition, or to a penetrate of a middle of the road term which cause him genuine prejudice.†5 A purchaser is along these lines at freedom to dismiss products generally in the event that they neglect to relate with the portrayal of the merchandise sold by means of the agreement available to be purchased. This is conceivable in any event, when the purchaser doesn't cause any harms or misfortune because of the non-accommodating goods.6 However the courts have made careful arrangements to restrict the utilization of this standard by adequately narrowing the ‘concept of the depiction of the goods.’7 It was held in Christopher Hill Ltd. v Ashington Piggeries Ltd [1972] AC 441that an announcement contained in an agreement may

Our Right To Drugs Essays - Drug Control Law, Anti-psychiatry

Our Right To Drugs You may be enticed to name Thomas Szasz, creator of Our Right to Drugs, The Case for a Free Market, a counter-culture radical. Be that as it may, this examination couldn't possibly be more off-base. Szasz, a Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at the State University of New York Health Science Center in Syracuse, is a significant supporter of common freedoms. He sees the purported War on Drugs as one of the most exceedingly terrible barbarities that the American Government has executed on its kin. Szasz fights that the preclusion of specific medications, including regular physician recommended drugs, is simply the administration telling the individuals that father knows best. It is this paternalistic mentality that Szasz finds so harsh. Mr. Szasz makes three key contentions all through his book. In the first place, the War on Drugs is a disappointment and can never succeed. It ought to be halted right away. Second, tranquilize sanctioning is certifiably not a feasible answer. It would just transform into another endeavor by the legislature to control tranquilizes and would not be anything else of a free market than the present arrangement of medication denial. Third, he proposes an answer. The arrangement is to end all medication guideline by the legislature; as a result, making a free market for drugs. He doesn't stop at illegal medications, in any case. He likewise remembers physician endorsed drugs for this arrangement too. He sees the administration's medication control arrangement as an endeavor by the legislature to control its populace, much like a parent controls his/her kids. So as to get at what Mr. Szasz is stating, we should initially inspect his meaning of what a free market is. Szasz characterizes the free market as the privilege of each equipped grown-up to exchange merchandise and enterprises. (Szasz, page 2). At the end of the day, he is sketching out a free enterprise arrangement of the free market. Szasz fights that the administration's just job in a free market is to shield individuals from power and misrepresentation and, to the greatest degree conceivable, avoid taking an interest in the creation and dispersion of products and ventures. (Szasz, page 2). In this arrangement of free enterprise, the administration has an exceptionally little job. As per Szasz, the administration should have an aloof job in any market, including the market for drugs. When the administration surrenders its dynamic job, which is spoken to by the war on drugs, a free market for drugs which Szasz proposes can be accomplished. As we dig into Mr. Szasz's first contention, we start to see serious issues with the administration's War on Drugs. As indicated by Szasz, the denial of medications is an obtrusive infringement of human rights ensured to American residents by the Constitution. So as to demonstrate his point, he compares medications to individual property. As per the Constitution, each American resident will have the basic right to life, freedom, and property, the initial two components laying solidly on the last. (Szasz, 1). In this way, Szasz battles that in light of the fact that both our bodies and medications are sorts of property?producing, exchanging, and utilizing drugs are property rights, and medication denials comprise a hardship of essential established rights. (Szasz, 2). As it were, much the same as the disallowance of liquor required an established alteration, so does the restriction of medications. Without that change, the preclusion of medications is in direct infringement of the Cons titution. The second contention that Szasz makes is one, shockingly enough, against the authorization of medications. Despite the fact that Szasz contends for a free market for drugs, this is vastly different from the contention that self-declared medication legalizers make. As indicated by Szasz, most defenders of medication authorization contend for what he calls Legalization as Taxation (Szasz, page 106). Ethan Nadelmann, educator of governmental issues and open issues at Princeton University, asserts the accompanying, Suppose we conclude, OK, we're not going to authorize split; what we will do is legitimize 15-percent cocaine. . . . Truly, a few people are as yet going to need to go to the bootleg market. . . also, purchase break. You won't have the option to forestall that. Be that as it may, suppose 70 percent of the market will utilize the legitimate, less intense substance. That is acceptable, on the grounds that the administration charges it, directs it. . . . The article is to undermine the criminal component (Szasz, page 106). From this,

The Future of Consumer Credit Management (incl. Credit Reports Credit Scoring)

The Future of Consumer Credit Management (incl. Credit Reports Credit Scoring) Credit is a very important aspect of our financial lives.Many of us would not be able to function well financially if not for the ability to access credit when we need it.That’s why we are so keen to ensure we always have a good credit score.We pay our credit card debts and bank loans in time to ensure our credit score is exemplary, which in turns makes it easier for us to access credit the next time we need it.Have you ever considered the nitty-gritties behind the consumer credit management systems that credit card companies and other lenders use? Do you know how your credit score is calculated?Are you aware that credit bureaus such as Equifax contain all or most of your credit history as well as other personal information like your social security number and address?With technology advancing at a rapid rate, lenders have started capitalizing on these advancements to pioneer revolutionary solutions to the problems they encounter in consumer credit management.Lenders have also star ted using alternative data â€" such as social media data â€" to calculate your credit worthiness.How do these changes affect you as a borrower?In today’s article, we are going to cover all this and more to help you understand consumer credit management, where it is coming from, and where it is headed, particularly with technological evolution and the spawning of ever sophisticated   legislation and regulations.WHAT IS CONSUMER CREDIT?Consumer credit management is a system of methods and practices that financial services organizations use to manage their credit relationships with customers.The simple definition of consumer credit is when a customer takes on personal debt to facilitate the purchase of goods and services.Another name for consumer credit is “consumer debt”.One familiar example of consumer credit is the credit card.While any type of personal loan could technically be called “consumer credit”, the term typically refers to unsecured debt which one takes on to pur chase everyday goods and services.In that case, a personal loan taken on when purchasing a house would not be termed as consumer credit since a house is a long-term investment. Houses are typically bought using a secured mortgage loan.Organizations that extend consumer credit include banks and retailers.They do this to help customers to buy goods instantly, even if they don’t have enough funds to purchase the goods at that moment. The customer then pays off the cost with interest over time.Consumer credit has its advantages and downsides, which are highlighted in the video below. There are two main types of consumer credit:Installment Credit â€" This is credit provided for a specific purpose. The amount of credit is defined and given for a set time period. Payments for installment credit are typically made monthly in equal installments. This type of credit is mainly used when making big-ticket purchases such as cars, major appliances, and furniture. The interest rates for installm ent credit are typically lower than those of revolving credit. The item you purchase with the credit will serve as the collateral, in case you default. Revolving Credit â€" A good example is credit cards. You can use credit card for any purchase. In other words, the credit is “revolving” because it is open â€" the amount of debt you owe fluctuates as you use up the available credit and make repayments. You can use up to the maximum limit over and over again, provided you continue making your minimum monthly payments in time. Revolving credit has a high interest rate because it is unsecured credit â€" it is it is not secured by collateral.The appetite for consumer credit among Americans has been growing over the years, as evidenced by the graph below. Amounts of debt owed by Americans from 1991 â€" 2017. Source: Federal Reserve Bank of PhiladelphiaTHE EVOLUTION OF CONSUMER CREDIT AND THE EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGYConsumer credit has been evolving since the days of the Sumerians.It has been around for at least 5,000 years! The Sumerians had the first urban civilization, and they used consumer loans for agricultural purposes.However, it was not until a century ago that consumer credit started to make big leaps and bounds.When Henry Ford realized that most American families were not wealthy enough to purchase automobiles with cash, he struck on an ingenious solution.General Motors began to loan its customers the money they needed to purchase a car.This popularized the concept of installment plan financing.Other companies followed GM’s lead, and people were able to buy furniture, phonographs, refrigerators, and radios on installment plans.However, this system was inefficient and inconvenient because one had to have several credit accounts with different merchants â€" each with its card and monthly payment.In the fifties, credit cards were introduced, enabling Americans to access general credit for a wide variety of purchases.In the sixties, computer technologies were applied to credit reporting, resulting in improvement of data accuracy due to standardization of credit application forms.Thanks to the information age and the evolution of technology over the decades, consumer credit and risk assessment processes have grown and are constantly changing to accommodate the changing world.For instance, credit reports are today instrumental in making informed decisions about insurance, employment, housing, and cost of utilities.Modern credit systems operate with sophisticated algorithmic credit scoring.They use trended and alternative data, and feature innovative fintech applications.When all these developments combine, they provide the technological foundation for even greater evolution and improvement of consumer credit m anagement in future.Credit ScoringThe most common credit scoring model in use today consists of five categories: payment history (which makes up 35% of the credit score), debt burden (which makes up 30% of the credit score), duration of credit history (which makes up 15% of the credit score), types of credit used (which makes up 10% of the credit score), and new credit requests (which makes up 10% of the credit score).This traditional scoring model has its limitations.For instance, traditional credit scores provide a credit snapshot instead of portraying the bigger picture of how the person’s credit is changing.Furthermore, the traditional model may give an inaccurate representation of a customer’s credit due to a lack of data, inhibiting the person’s current score.Fortunately, technology is helping to weed out these inefficiencies.Trended DataTrended data enables analysis of the velocity, direction, tipping points, and magnitude of changes in a customer’s credit history.Thi s provides a more accurate picture than what you get from looking at a snapshot of the person’s credit score.Trended data improves predictive performance by up to 20%.Alternative DataCredit history, though important, is not the only source of data that can shed light on a customer’s creditworthiness.Alternative data includes information on wealth, property ownership, the customer’s payment of daily bills, among other data sources.The sum of all this data provides a more comprehensive picture which enables credit-giving companies to better judge a customer’s creditworthiness.Other TechThanks to technology, consumers have access to an unprecedented level of their credit data.Furthermore, new science involving neural networks is being implemented to add more sophistication to the credit scoring process.THE FUTURE OF CONSUMER CREDITAs a borrower, there is more to you than just your credit score.For creditors to eliminate the inefficiencies in their credit scoring model and enabl e highly accurate predictions, they must get a 360 degree view of their customers’ creditworthiness.The gap between your actual creditworthiness and what the creditor is able to figure out is known as “information asymmetry”. Over the years, as technology advances, this gap has continued to grow smaller.However, there are situations where information asymmetry lingers.For instance, in the case of a college student that has zero credit history, or a farmer in rural India needing a loan to buy seeds for his farm.Due to the increasing amounts of data and the development of technology which can utilize that data, information asymmetry will be tamed in the new future.The following are the major forces that will reduce information asymmetry and influence the future of consumer credit:1. Increasing DataThe rate of global data creation has grown in leaps and bounds and is ever increasing. Credit companies will improve on their ability to access consumer data and to interpret it accura tely.Consider that the following staggering amounts of data are created daily on the internet:500 million tweets sent4 petabytes of data created on Facebook (a petabyte is a quadrillion bytes â€" note that a quadrillion contains 15 zeroes)294 billion emails sent65 billion Whatsapp messages sent4 terabytes of data created from each connected car (a terabyte is a trillion bytes)5 billion searches madeIt is estimated that by 2025, the globally daily data output will be 463 Exabytes (an Exabyte is a quintillion bytes â€" note that a quintillion has 18 zeroes).Today lenders have already started using social media data for credit scoring. Social media data is useful for assessing the creditworthiness of thinner-file borrowers like students and foreign nationals.Innovative lenders are using alternative data sources such as social media, bank transactions, cell phone data, and third-party hubs that package personalized and verifiable data for the lenders.With this information, lenders are a ble to increase their approval and conversion rates, and expand their base of customers to include under-banked populations.It also enables lender to give their customers a customized experience based on the deep insights they draw from the customers’ profile.Furthermore, lenders are able to reduce cases of fraud by identifying potential fraudulent activity.Using social media data for credit scoring is very helpful in countries which have limited credit bureau data, where huge sections of the population are accessible only through such alternative methods.The use of alternative data will continue to expand and advance with time, as more sophisticated technology and algorithms are created to help make the best use of this data.However, these strides towards use of alternative data will have to contend with increasingly sophisticated laws put in place to protect personal data and privacy.2. Changing Regulatory LandscapeNew international data regulations such as the GDPR are putting data back in the hands of consumers and that will definitely have an impact on the future of consumer credit management.GDPR, which stands for General Data Protection Regulation is an EU region data protection and privacy regulation that took effect on 25th May 2018. Its aim is to give back control over personal data to people in the European Union and European Economic Area (EEA).It simplified the regulatory environment that international businesses have to operate in by unifying the regulation within the EU.While lenders are increasing making use of alternative data for credit scoring purposes, data protection laws can put the brakes on such innovations.Ultimately, the future of consumer credit management is dependent on this struggle between data protection regulation and the move by lenders towards using alternative data.Data protection laws are not the only regulation lenders have to contend with. The regulatory environment is becoming increasingly complex.It is estimated that by 2020, about 300+ million pages of regulatory documentation will be published.For that reason, lenders are increasingly relying on RegTech (regulation technology) solutions to help them achieve compliance with this mountain of laws and regulation.While today a lot of our financial data is almost exclusively in the hands of credit agencies and banks, in future a lot of the data will be in our control as consumers. We will make decisions on how our data is used and for what purposes. Initiatives such as GDPR, PSD2, and Open Banking are meant to make that vision a reality.While it has already started in Europe, the trend towards open data is expected to go global.With open data, we as the consumers will be able to:Get back control of checking, credit card, mortgage, and loan data.Voluntarily give up more information so as to receive better deals from creditors.Give third parties access to use this data in new products and applications.Access better rates, new lending models, and so f orth.3. Emerging TechnologyGame-changing technologies such as neural networks, deep learning, and machine learning are making it easier for companies to draw deeper insights from data.Big Data enables the collection of data in incredibly high volume, velocity, and variety â€" both structured and unstructured data â€" that traditional processing applications were unable to handle.Big Data has highly simplified the lending process and made it faster and more convenient for customers.For instance, borrowers don’t have to personally go to a bank or interact with a bank representative to get the service they need.They can access lending services online. Big Data has also helped reduce the approval process to a minimum because it enables lenders to calculate risks faster, even without paperwork.RegTech (regulation technology) involves using technology such as blockchain, biometrics, and AI to enhance and improve delivery of regulatory requirements. Lenders in the US are spending large s ums of money every year on such technology to help them comply with the changing regulations.Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence. It’s a process where data is analyzed with the intention of learning and creating analytical models which can execute intelligent actions on unseen data with little or no intervention by a human. Lenders are using machine learning to enhance their credit scoring systems. These systems use neural network modeling to enable more accurate risk assessment.4. Focus on IdentityAs you can garner from what we have explained so far, consumer credit management is becoming increasingly digitalized.One of the disadvantages of this is the great risk of identity theft. In this brave new world, consumer credit management will have to evolve the methods used to authenticate the identity of customers. Technology applications such as blockchain and biometrics may have a role to play.Biometrics is technology that enables identification of individuals t hrough their unique physical attributes, and includes technologies such as:Fingerprint verificationIris verificationFacial recognitionVoice IDBiometrics is a strong, convenient, secure, and accessible means of authentication and helps do away with passwords, ID cards, and in-person or paper-based proof of ID processes.Blockchain is the technology underlying cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, but its applications are broader than that. It is one of the new frontiers in technology which have the capacity to change the world over the next decades.Blockchain is able to control information and avoid duplication.This makes it potentially useful for making self-sovereign identity a reality â€" that we can control our personal data no matter where we are.Self-sovereign, digital identities stay under your control, and are capable of quick, secure validation without requiring a centralized repository.Self-sovereign identity is something that could be used to end identity theft and deal with other issues which impact on consumer privacy.5. FintechFintech is financial technology. The term refers to emerging technologies which improves and automates financial services’ delivery and use.It helps companies, entrepreneurs, and consumers to improve how they manage their financial processes, operations, and lives.One of the advantages of fintech is that its high ease of use and convenience makes it a big hit among all sorts of people, enabling companies to access large new portions of customers who are otherwise unbanked.Such customers have thin credit files and are as a result often given low or no composite credit score.Fintech lenders use nontraditional data to make better decisions about thin-file borrowers who would otherwise not have access to loans.Fintech also enables democratization of data and tech which allows small/niche players to enter the industry and provide new, innovative products/solutions to consumers.CREDIT BUREAUS, CREDIT REPORTING, AND CREDIT SCORINGCredit reports are made by credit bureaus. A credit report is a detailed breakdown of a person’s credit history.Credit bureaus are agencies which specialize in the collection of such financial information and then preparing credit reports that lenders can then use to determine the creditworthiness of a borrower.Examples of credit bureaus in the US include Equifax, TransUnion, and Experian. They create reports that cover individuals’ personal financial detail and also your bill-paying habits.The credit report will have personal information like your current and previous addresses, your employment history, and your social security number.It will also feature your credit history summary â€" for instance how many bank or credit card accounts (and type) you have that are past due and how many in good standing. It also covers account information in detail: date the accounts were opened, credit limits, and high balances.The main problem with credit reporting and credit bureaus is that these o rganizations contain the information of practically everyone: credit cards, debt, and other accounts payable.Due to the sensitive nature of this information, and the fact that it is all centrally organized, credit bureaus and credit reports are enticing targets for hackers.In 2017, Equifax, one of the three US credit bureaus, experienced a serious data breach, exposing the financial data of close to half of all Americans to hackers.The hackers were able to steal the birth dates, social security numbers, and addresses of 143 million Americans. All those people were made vulnerable to identity theft.This hack revealed the vulnerability of credit bureaus and the flaws of the credit reporting and credit scoring system.Entrepreneurs are capitalizing on this and developing better solutions to this problem.The main problem with credit bureaus is that they don’t exist for our benefit as consumers â€" we don’t have control over our file and cannot contribute any data to it.These credit f iles are backward-looking instruments, which is an imperfect model, and entrepreneurs such as Shivani Siroya, CEO of Kenyan company Tala, are using big data and machine learning to create a new generation of credit applications that use forward-looking data and predictive models rather than   rely strictly on past performance.With predictive data models, consumers can proactively demonstrate their credit potential.Furthermore, they do not need massive aggregation of personal data, thus not as vulnerable to identity theft as traditional credit reports and credit scores.Predictive models are beneficial to lenders too as they help expand the customer base by identifying millions of under-served consumers who may be trusted.For instance, Tala is able to predict creditworthiness of an individual within about 20 seconds, using data present in the customer’s device.In the wake of the Equifax breach, lawmakers have attempted to place restrictions on credit bureaus, in a bid to make them m ore secure and transparent.It is quite possible that in future a credit file could become something similar to a LinkedIn profile: verifiable and reality-based, yet controlled by you, not the platform.The future of credit files is for consumers to get more control over their data.WRAPPING UPDue to the advancing capabilities of technology in machine learning, Big Data, blockchain, biometrics, RegTech, among others, consumer credit management is changing rapidly.New regulations and data protection laws are also further complicating the plot.For now we can only speculate what consumer credit management will look like tomorrow.What is clear for now, however, is that it looks promising for borrowers and will put greater control in the hands of consumers. It is certainly a brave new world we are stepping into.

Psychological Strategy The Bases of Market Segmentation - 275 Words

Psychological Strategy: The Bases of Market Segmentation (Essay Sample) Content: Market SegmentationStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameInstitutionMarket SegmentationMarketing Segmentation is the way of dividing the market into different subsets of consumers portraying same characteristics so as to establish a niche for products. The markets are majorly segmented on various bases aligned to the features of the consumers. These bases include; demographic, behavioral, geographic, and psychographic and benefit basis of segmentations, all structured to take advantage and maximize on the different aspects of the consumer being CITATION Joh03 \l 1033 (O'Shaughnessy, 2013). These bases make-up market segmentation strategies through which businesses can establish a wider customer base in the market. Through market segmentation strategy the market is segmented by geographic location of the consumers as the consumer behaviors of people living in one place often differ from that of other customers residing in a different location. This is majorly caused by the differe nces in the needs of the consumers following the geographical differences that may have been caused by the language, climatic and cultural differences CITATION Joh03 \l 1033 (O'Shaughnessy, 2013).The market may also be segmented on the basis of demographics, a segmentation strategy whereby the businesses use the demographic variables such as age, occupation, education, sex, trade type and income levels to establish a market niche for its products. By this, the business undertakes an extensive study to determine the demographic needs to provide products that provide maximum utility CITATION Wil09 \l 1033 (Luther, 2011). Businesses also segment the market into psychographic subsets, a strategy that is based the aspects such as consumers attitudes, lifestyle and personality in order to serve them well.The psychological strategy is also supported by the behavioral segmentation strategy whereby the consumers are divided on the basis of their response and attitude towards the product. In this case, the business can serve its consumers say the loyal, occasional and the consumers who portray a positive attitude about the products well. With the benefit segmentation strategy, business segments its market into subsets representing consumers with different perceived significance and benefits consumers expect from the products. For example, other consumers expect dental cure as others just expect cleanliness from the use of to...

Bilingualism Does Improve Brain Functioning - 919 Words

Even though one can deviate from the main language spoken, bilingualism does improve brain functioning, because your brain has to work harder to understand two languages simultaneously. This keeps the mind fresh, it requires the ability to switch from one language to another without losing detail of what topic is being spoken about, and it forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, which in turn works out the brain and strengthens its cognitive muscles. Bilingualism would definitely fall within the behavior and social cognitive theories. I believe it to fall within this category, because conditioning is involved with learning another language concurrent with the predominant language spoken in the home. I live in a little farm town of about 30,000 people and the main language spoken is Spanish. This means a majority of the homes have dual language spoken, especially if there are children in the home. Since my daughter recently started transitional kindergarten, all correspondence from the school comes in English and Spanish. Children interpret things to their parents on a daily basis in my town. Two domains of human development that bilingualism has on the people of my town are social and emotional. There are children that fear schooling, because of not speaking fluently in English. Little do they know, for as long as I can remember, schools in California have accommodated those children with ESL (English as a second language) classes. I think that it affectsShow MoreRelatedLearning A Second Language Education Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pagescomes to problem solving, generating a higher quality of hypothesis, and using enhanced and complex language (American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages) Learning a second language in elementary school not only improves scores on standardized tests, but also improves a student’s chances at succeeding in other subjects in school, making them a well-rounded student. The American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages additionally concludes that any student, despite their ethnicityRead MoreThe Current Status Of Education At Texas A M International University2858 Words   |  12 Pageseconomic implications and the policies that have been implemented to correct or improve the current education standing of this school and social theories in education that have been used in order to implement such social policies. Finally, this paper will examine what trends are occurring and if these trends are within the expectations of current policies and standards, what has been done or what can be done in order to improve the education level of Los Obispos Middle School. DEMOGRAPHICS Los ObisposRead MoreThe Role Of Inhibitory Modulation Of Languages Among Bilinguals7013 Words   |  29 Pagesmultilingualism and bilingualism are inevitable (Crystal, 2003; Grosjean, 2010). While the causes of increased bilingualism and multilingualism can vary, the repercussions of this demographic shift are wide reaching (O’Brien, Curtin, Naqvi, 2014). Consequently, research on bilingualism and multilingualism has also dramatically increased in the last few years in quantity, quality and breadth (Bhatia William, 2013). In the past two decades, series of discoveries has changed the way bilingualism was understoodRead MoreCognitive Resilience in Adulthood9822 Words   |  40 Pagesunderstanding cognitive aging implies a search for factors that buffer against existing risk, enabling one to thrive in what might otherwise be adverse circumstances. The cascade of biological processes associated with senescence and a cultural context that does not take into account this biological imperative each create risk for cognitive decline in later adulthood. We propose that (a) engagement, a sustained investment in mental stimulation, and (b) personal agency, which enables one to construct a nicheRead MoreCsd 269 Study Guide Week 6 Essay2836 Words   |  12 Pagesthank you, no, yes) 3. How does a sight-word reading vocabulary normally develop? when children see the words on paper, they associate the graphemes with a mental representation such as a picture, an experience, a sign or a spoken word 4. How do deaf readers store â€Å"reading by eye† words in their brains? the reader identifies letters by visual analysis and assigns the letters to a graphic code, the semantic code is stored in the brain 5. How does the â€Å"reading by ear† processRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology Notes7715 Words   |  31 PagesDevelopment Sex – sexual anatomy and sexual behaviour Gender – perception of maleness or femaleness related to membership in a given society Week 8 Growing brain The brain grows at a faster rate than any other part of the body. By age 5, child’s brain weighs 90% of average adult brain weight, whereas total body weight is merely 30%. One reason is due to increase in the number of interconnections among cells. These interconnects allow for more complex communication between neurons, permitRead MoreA Jerney in to the Deaf World15812 Words   |  64 Pageshearing was the best thing that every happened to him. This sums up the whole chapter. It is trying to show the reader different reactions to being deaf, and how deaf people, like everyone else, have unique stories to tell. 1) What is a CODA and what does it mean? 2) What do many CODAs eventually do? 3) What is the books view on strictly oral schools? Chapter 2 Posted by Lonnie R on Saturday, June 14, 2003 2:57pm The response of parents to the advent of a Deaf child is likely to depend on whetherRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 PagesCompany Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Compilation Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Custom Publishing All rights reserved. This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilation itself. It does not cover the individual selections herein that first appeared elsewhere. ii Permission to reprint these has been obtained by Pearson Custom Publishing for this edition only. Further reproduction by any means, electronic or mechanical, including

The Death Of The Abortion - 3267 Words

Kimberly Arreola English 102 Ms. Kim Everett 8 December 2014 Let Them Live She was in an on again, off again relationship with her boyfriend for two years. One day, they had a fight that ended their relationship. After a couple of weeks later, she found out that she was pregnant. She told her ex-boyfriend that she was pregnant, and then the ex-boyfriend told her to abort the baby inside of her. He wanted her to do that because he thought they could not afford to have a child with just earning a minimum wage. The night before abortion, she could not sleep and she could not stop thinking about the baby inside of her. As she went to the abortion clinic, she was so nervous that she was shaking and could not fill out her paperwork properly.†¦show more content†¦There are two kinds of induced abortion, surgical and chemical. Surgical abortion procedures include manual vacuum aspiration, suction curettage, saline, and hysterotomy. Chemical abortion options include pills called, RU-486 also called as the abortion pill, methotrexate and misoprostol and the morning after pill. Overall, the purpose of these procedures is to kill the fetus by suffocating using substances and not giving it medical attention. In 1973, abortion became legal when Roe v Wade, a landmark decision in the Supreme Court issue declared that anti-abortion laws are unconstitutional. The decision allowed women with consultation of a state-licensed physician to legally have an abortion in the early stages of pregnancy. The court found that a woman’s decision to terminate a pregnancy in the first trimester was protected under the â€Å"right of privacy†¦founded in the Fourteenth Amendment’s concept of personal liberty† (â€Å"U.S. Abortion History†). Statistic shows that from 1973 through 2011 53 million abortions in the US were legally performed. In 2011 approximately 1.06 million abortions were executed in the United States (â€Å"Abortion ProCon.org†). According to Guttmacher Institute, there are three common reasons why women choose abortion: having a baby would â€Å"interfere with work, school or other responsibilities, cannot afford to have a child and they do not want t o be a single parent or have problems with their

High School Term Paper - the Story

High School Term Paper - the Story High School Term Paper Options If you believe that you are not going to succeed all on your own and find a great grade for your high school assignments, there's no better method out than an expert guidance in essay writing. Thus, a high school student need not opt for a topic far beyond her or his talents. Most high school students require a superior custom writing service to deal with the task and find the desired grade. If you're a student in college or higher school, then you understand how hard it can be to stay informed about your homework, sports, a job, and family members. When there is need for discovering more ideas, make sure you've already identified a fruitful avenue for doing this. It's sometimes hard to select the topic which is both new and has a great deal of information to research on it so that a student will have the ability to present the material in the best way possible. When you first begin to learn to compose your h igh school-level research papers, there's usually a good deal of things to comprehend. In research papers, students are permitted to present both many views on a particular topic and their very own ideas about it. The more you know about what exactly is happening at school, subjects they're currently dealing with, your kid's progress on every subject along with teachers' attitude to your child, the more opportunities you've got to boost their degree of knowledge. Select the one which you need in line with the discipline and time you've got for implementing the endeavor. College level classes often cause elevated levels of tension and call for a broad range of concentration. Just like all magical tactics, practice makes perfect. It's complex enough to inspect the degree of language competence of every candidate! In addition, there are cases when a student can't even think of a topic because of his term paper. In the actual sense, you need to work hard and carefully as a way to attain the best grades in your term papers. The student should adhere to a correct format for it. You will additionally have an opportunity for text replies from the author and see the way the work is going. It is crucial that deciding on the topic for the company term paper a student ought to be in a position to operate with the primary notions of the field before starting to do the true writing. Should you need expert writing help, don't hesitate to visit EssayPro.com. Teachers agree that having a case of a research project before your eyes. To begin with, students find it tough to write superior research papers due to the fact that they do not have sufficient moment. For instance, the students are expected to use primary resources and secondary resources. Many students don't like to visit their instructors since it is deemed geeky or nerdy. 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High school is a great time to gain hands-on experience. You're probably well conscious of the simple fact that there's more than 1 way of doing high school term paper s. It is very important to remember it to get papers can at times be the sole effective and speedy means of getting out of a hard situation. Education has become the most basic thing which could help remove thousands of different problems persisting in our society. The sales letter is frequently the last chance you must produce the sale with what you say in addition to any extra information you may enclose with this. Therefore, to have a duplicate of the manual means that you will make ideal references to, when need arises. When you're selling online, the manner in which you speak to the buyer is usually through the letters you send out. Unfortunately, store term papers are usually obtained from websites and may also be in the hands of a number of other customers. 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The Legend Of Dracula - 975 Words

Kostova utilizes the setting in The Historian to reinforce the legitimacy of the legend of Dracula. The reader is taken on a journey throughout time and space all over Europe, which is made all the more realistic by Kostova’s use of imagery and sensation. There are several different locations that are quite important to the story and establishing the history of Dracula. The location that has the most significance is Dracula’s tomb. The whole story has been geared to finally finding Dracula’s tomb, and therefore finding out whether he really is still alive. The tomb is revealed through the letters Rossi wrote while he was there. Kostova plays on the readers senses when describing the tomb, which makes it incredibly realistic. She uses darkness and coldness to illustrate the fear that Rossi is feeling, being in this place with the monster that is Dracula. â€Å"This groping in dimness was terrifying, and I expected at any second to be pounced on by the Thing that had brought me there. I wondered again if I might not actually be dead — if this was some terrible version of death, which I had momentarily mistaken for a continuation of life,† (Kostova, 806). While reading this, the reader can feel exactly what Rossi is feeling in that moment, which is due to the descriptive setting. Using the senses draws the reader in, allowing them to imagine exactly how the character is feeling and making them feel like they are right there with the character. â€Å"Because his back was now to the fire,Show MoreRelatedComparing Dracula, And I Am Legend By Richard Matheson1584 Words   |  7 Pages Since the beginning of time vampires have been categorized into different types† and are portrayed in different ways throughout several books. This paper will focus on three vampires from the following books: Dracula by Bram Stoker, and I am Legend by Richard Matheson. Dracula is considered to be the traditional vampire, where it all started , and the vampires in Matheson’s book, follow somewhat Stoker’s concept, but is more of a modern â€Å"type† of vampires. Certain vampire elements have beenRead MoreBram Stoker s Dracula And Richard Matheson s I Am Legend2160 Words   |  9 Pagesscience and religion. In Bram Stoker’s Dracula and Richard Matheson’s I Am Legend, the mythical horror creatures, the vampires, have many differences in their mythical abilities, functionality and origin; however, they both serve to underline themes that remind the reader of what makes us human and what defines us as ultimately good or evil. Stoker’s Count Dracula is the product of a religious strike against the antagonist whereas the vampires in I Am Legend are a product of mankind’s scientific ignoranceRead MoreBram Stoker s Dracula And Richard Matheson s I Am Legend Differ From One Another And?3022 Words   |  13 Pagesis a difficult thing to describe due to the influence that different cultures have had on the development of the myth. The depiction of vampirism in Bram Stoker’s Dracula and Richard Matheson’s I Am Legend differ from one another and while these depictions stray from the folkloric accounts of vampires both find their roots in legend. The folkloric vampire has taken many different forms and has held a variety of traits, skills and weaknesses; each mirroring the customs, beliefs, and fears of differentRead MoreThe Opposition Of Dracula And Its Influences On Vampire Literature1467 Words   |  6 PagesThe opposition of Dracula and its influences on vampire literature Have you ever thought to yourself, what has influenced vampire literature today? Well, neither have I, but it wouldn’t hurt to touch on the subject. Dracula introduces the idea of lust and death within vampirism. Also, there are many connections that I make throughout this essay between Dracula and I am Legend, proving that Dracula was an influence on the book. The opposition of Dracula has had great influences on vampire literatureRead MoreThe Vampire Is An Embodiment Of Society s Deepest Fears1382 Words   |  6 Pagesfear of society, with the portrayal of the vampire following suit. Dracula, I Am Legend and Twilight, three extremely popular books of vampire fiction created during vastly different periods in history, are representative of this shift. In Dracula, the titular character is depicted as an anti-christ figure by the author, Bram Stoker, who attempts to warn people about the dangers of straying from traditional Christian ideals. I Am Legend, a nineteen-fifties pos t-apocalyptic novel, emphasises the dangersRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel Dracula 1452 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Dracula Although Dracula was not the first vampire novel, the effect that Bram Stoker’s creation had on the vampire genre is undisputable. At the time, it was written intellectual revelations during the 19th century had begun to change what people fear. Archaic legends like vampire stories no longer inspired terror in industrializing areas like Britain. What made Dracula widely successful was the incorporation of modern themes and anxieties with the renowned archetype of the vampireRead MoreVampires : More Than A Modern Fantasy1538 Words   |  7 PagesDiaries? Or, do you think of ancient vampiric legends such as Lamastu, empusai, and even Vlad the Impaler? What if both modern vampire culture and the origins of vampirism were connected, not only by topic, but by relevance? Vampiric myths allow us to understand the history and those involved, as well as to relate to the present and view how current culture evolved into what it is. Although something usually thought as irrelevant and unusual, vampiric legends explain the continuity of humans to use scapegoatsRead MoreDracula By Bram Stoker s Dracula1134 Words   |  5 Pagesiconic Count Dracula. Although the Count ranks as, perhaps, the most famous vampire, vampire stories, myths, and legends were in circulation for over a century before Stoker wrote Dracula. Starting in the 1700’s, vampire stories began appearing in southeastern Europe, exploiting fears of witches and evil spirits. Like many monsters, vampires evolved to reflect societal fears which was taken advantage of by several writers including Bram Stoker. This interpretation of the older legends acted as a metaphorRead MoreCould Schizophrenia Be the Answer to the Mysterious Vampire Legend1671 Words   |  7 PagesCould Schizophrenia be the Answer to the Mysterious Vampire Legend? The vampire legend and many behaviors and experiences of schizophrenics seem to share many common traits. The traits that are most recognizable are fears of being enclosed, periods of semistarvation or complete starvation, which can be associated with periodic gorging, reversal of the day-night cycle, and a preoccupation with or dread of mirrors (Kayton 304). Though the term schizophrenia or demence precoce wasRead MoreFrankenstein, Dracula and Spiritualism1701 Words   |  7 Pagesshadows with two long fangs and a thirst for blood. Contrast that with the images that come when you say the name Dracula. Dracula is the aristocrat in the castle, the lord of all vampires and his image in set in us. Vampire legends and myths are thousands of years old and find homes in most cultures around the world. From the chiang-shih of China to the Lamia of Greek legend, a mix of a woman and winged Serpent (Richardson, 2007). These myths, however, have little in common with modern tellings

Great Expectations Dickens Free Essays

How does Dickens create sympathy for Pip in the opening chapters of Great Expectations? Charles Dickens was born during the Victorian times, he wrote ‘great expectations’ in a weekly instalment, every week he sold one part to maintain the reader’s interest. He wanted people to understand the mass divide of the rich and poor. He wished the people would realise how badly the poor were treated at that time. We will write a custom essay sample on Great Expectations Dickens or any similar topic only for you Order Now He used Pip to grab the reader’s attention in the opening chapters by making him a likeable character. Dickens did this as he made the readers sympathise for Pip. In this essay I am going to explore the language which dickens uses to create sympathy for Pip. Firstly, Pip is an unloved orphan who has no purpose in life. In the opening chapter, we are brought into light that Pip had never seen his parents as ‘’I never saw likeness of either of them’’. Dickens uses the word ‘’never’’ to emphasise the sympathy built for Pip at the start of the novel. Moreover, we are informed that he has too lost all 5 of his younger brothers ‘’to the memory of five little brothers of mine’’. This makes the readers pity Pip which turns him into a likeable character which subsequently maintains interest in the novel. This information notifies us that he only has one family member remaining, which is his older sister. Although, she is disgraceful towards him and too goes on to die later in the story. This conveys that Pip is an extremely lonely young boy that has nobody who loves him. To explain Pips life in this way in the opening chapter makes the readers feel a mass amount of sympathy that continues to grow throughout the following chapters. Dickens also shows in the novel that poor people such as Pip can still be polite and have mannerisms as he says in chapter one ‘’If you would kindly please to let me upright sir’’ this shows that even when he is being threatened by Magwich which frightens him, he continues to express his politeness. The readers would feel an accumulation of sympathy as Pip; the young, innocent little boy is defenceless and has nobody to help him. This suggests that just because he is poor doesn’t make him a horrid person, which therefore could of been used to send a message to the people as there was a mass divide of rich from poor in the time of this novel. Moreover, the beginning chapter describes the setting of the churchyard. ‘’That this bleak place overgrown with nettles was the churchyard’’ this setting reflects Pips feelings and life, dark, cold and lonely. The graveyard’s dim setting could also make Pip frightened as there is nobody else there beside himself. Sympathy is built for the orphan due to the fact that if something dreadful occurs, no one is there to help him. This would also attract the reader to carry on reading as they have strong interest in Pip and worry if anything will happen to him. Furthermore, when the convict is brought into the story for the first time the readers would have had extreme worry for the child. As Magwich first says in an urgent tone ‘’keep still you little devil or I’ll cut your throat! ’’ which immediately informs the readers that this man is dangerous and could harm Pip. Sympathy increases due to this as Pip is in clear danger of being harmed. In chapter eight, Pip is taken to Miss Havisham’s house where he meets her and Estella. Entering a setting where all the clocks are stopped at the same time and a woman in a faded old wedding dress and could have scared him. The peculiar room would have been noticed by readers who would have thought that Pip was in danger. Estella then mocks him as they play cards, criticising his low social class and unrefined manners. The girl comes across as another cold, insulting character like Magwich who abuses Pip for no reason of his own, just for the fact that he’s either poor or a young defenceless boy that can be manipulated for their will. To conclude, I think Dickens has used Pips vulnerability to lure in the readers and maintain their interest. He has built up sympathy throughout the opening chapters through content, language and setting. He also attempts to send a message to the people of his time stating that some poor people, who have nothing, can be just as pleasant and polite as a rich person who has everything they could ever ask for. How to cite Great Expectations Dickens, Essay examples

Business Research Report Proposal Technology and Innovation

Question: Discuss about the Business Research Report Proposal Technology and Innovation. Answer: Introduction Telecommunication entities offer services covering business and personal purposes. The host of services is inclusive of mobile internet, mobile phone and broadband services and solutions. Vodafone group is a prominent mobile company amongst telecommunication groups with significance performance in Asia, Middle East, Australia and so on (Beltrn 2013). In Australia, Vodafone is one of a smaller internet and mobile service provider consisting of two major shareholders namely, Hutchison Telecom and Vodafone Group. Identification of business research topic Customer satisfaction defines marketing term, which measures how the products and service of an organization meets the expectation of customers. Customer satisfaction is defined as a feeling that a product has met or may have succeeded the customer expectations. In a competitive business environment, client satisfaction is deemed like a key determinant factor, which contributes for the opportunity of profitability in the future course of time (Fine and Menictas 2012). The business research topic is in regards to Customer Satisfaction level of Vodafone Australia. The research topic of this research proposal is the impact of customer satisfaction on overall business performance. According to research by experts, Vodafone Australia experienced various connecting issues, which resulted in a poor state of data efficiency, call quality. Apart from that, the organization not even bothers about giving appropriate after sell service to the customers. Wide gap has been found between the servic e provider and the customers. All these factors are minimizing the customer satisfaction level of this organization. This also has resulted in the decline of the firm's performance, and the management was compelled to suspend mobile customer contracts owing to media outburst about the business. This research proposal will highlight on the customer satisfaction factor of Vodafone Australia and its impact on organizational performance. Background of the study There have been various issues and concerns related to Vodafone customer centricity. Experts on the similar issue do analysis and surveys. The experts came up with an investigation and study to comprehend the diverse aspects of customer satisfaction and how Vodafone is striving to make the customer experience more convenient thereby negating the shortcomings in operation (Zhang 2014). Problem Statement Customer satisfaction for an organization determines the factors, which effectively meet the expectation of the customers. The issue that has been identified in this research proposal is that Vodafone Australia is able enough to satisfy its customers. The customer satisfaction level of the organization is gradually declining (Fine and Menictas 2012). Client satisfaction and working on consumers feedback has to be the primary focus for an organization to fight the competitive nature of market. In order to survive in the increasing competition and age of globalization, customer satisfaction is an important component (Garca-Ochoa Mayor and Bajo Dav 2016). The research focuses on the importance of increasing customer satisfaction to improve the business of the organization. Research Objective To evaluate the impact of customer satisfaction on organizational performance To assess the customer satisfaction factors of Vodafone Australia To examine the issues related to customer satisfaction in Vodafone Australia To provide suggestions for Vodafone Australia for enhancing its customer satisfaction level Research Question What is the impact of customer satisfaction on organizational performance? What are the factors of customer satisfaction in Vodafone Australia? What are issues in customer satisfaction of Vodafone Australia? How Vodafone Australia can improve its customer satisfaction level? Theory, Assumptions and Background Literature Hypothesis (Assumption) H0: Customer satisfaction has no impact on overall organizational performance H1: Customer satisfaction has impact on overall organizational performance Theory and Background Literature Dependent Variable: Business Performance Independent Variable: Customer Satisfaction According to Fine and Menictas (2012), organizational performance is highly dependent on business profitability of the organization in regards to finance and other organizational assets. On the other hand, Widdowson and Li (2013) opined that customer satisfaction has direct relation with customer retention, repurchase and higher sales volume. As long as customers are satisfied with the products and service provided by the organization, it can hold the purchase intension of the customers. Therefore, it can be inferred that business performance is highly dependent on customer satisfaction of an organization. According to Zhang (2014), high level of customer satisfaction leads to repeated purchase intension of the customers and therefore, brings increasing sales profit for the organization. On the other hand, Widdowson and Li (2013) opined that reducing customer turnover by five percentages through customer satisfaction may increase the business profitability up to 25-80%. Research Methodology and Techniques Dwivedi (2014) stated that, there are mainly two types of research philosophies used to conduct a research work. They are like interpretivism philosophy and philosophy. Zhang (2014) mentioned that positivism philosophy is mainly related with truths and real facts. On the other hand, interpretivism helps to develop a research work depending upon human perception only. After analyzing both types of research philosophies, positivism philosophy is selected. It will help to create logical and critical investigation about the research topic the impact of customer satisfaction on overall business performance. There are mainly two types of research approaches are available for a research work. There like deductive approach and inductive approach (Dwivedi 2014). With help of deductive approach, hypothesis related with a research topic can be developed depending on exiting theories and literatures. On the other hand, inductive research approach is used in order to develop new theories related with the research topic. This particular research work has to be developed in a short period of time. Hence, there is not much time to synthesis a new theory related with relationship between customer satisfaction and business operation. Hence, inductive research approach seems to be inappropriate for this research work. Deductive research approach will be used as it will help to conduct this research work depending on the existing research theories related with customer satisfaction and business operations. Both primary and secondary data will be gathered for this research proposal. It will assist in collecting relevant information from the respondents. The respondents will be selected in a crucial way for gathering authentic information regarding the research topic. As, this research is based on primary research methods, so interview and survey technique will be applied for collecting accurate information about the research topic. On the other hand, with the help of updated journals and books, in-depth knowledge about customer satisfaction and business operation is gathered. Research process Zhang (2014) mentioned that, there are two types of data sources are used to conduct a research work. They are like primary data source and secondary data source. Dwivedi (2014) mentioned that primary data can be gathered directly from people. Survey and face-to-face interview are mainly used to gather primary data from people. On the other hand, secondary data can be collected from various theoretical underpinnings. Dwivedi (2014) stated that, with the help of updated books and journals secondary data can be collected about a particular research topic. The topic of this research proposal is the impact of customer satisfaction on overall business performance. Both primary and secondary research process will be applied for conducting this research study. In order to collect secondary research process, various authentic journals, books and websites will be searched related with customer satisfaction and business performance. On the other hand, in case of primary research process, information will be collected from relevant respondents. A survey will be conducted with customers of Vodafone Australia to find out the aspects that affect their satisfaction level. One the other hand, face-to-face interview will be conducted to find out the business operations that affect the level of customer satisfaction. Data collection method In order gather primary data related with this research topic, qualitative and quantitative data collection technique will be applied (Dwivedi 2014). In case of quantitative data collection, survey form will be distributed to the customers of Vodafone Australia. The customers will give their feedback as per the questions of feedback form. On the other hand, in face-to-face interview will be arranged with the managers of Vodafone Australia in order gather qualitative data about the research topic. On the contrary, secondary data will be gathered with the help of updated journals, articles and books related with business operation. Sampling In order conduct the survey, 50 customers of Vodafone Australia will be chosen as the sample size for the research study. All close-ended questions will be included in the survey questionnaires so that information related with various aspects of customer satisfaction can be gathered. Apart from that, 3 managers of Vodafone will be selected to conduct face-to-face interview. All open ended questions related with business operations will be asked to them. This interview will help to understand, how the company is trying to modify its business operation so that customer satisfaction can be improved. Operational Definitions and Measurement The responses collected from the respondent may be manipulated in nature. During the data collection process, various respondents may try to hide the exact information regarding the business research topic (Marbach et al. 2016). However, the data analysis process will convert the general information of the data collection process into specific information. The research variables will be measured as per the responses collected from the relevant respondents. 3% errors in finding results will be tolerated for the research study. Data analysis process Statistical data collection process will be chosen for the data analysis process. In data analysis process, mean, median and mode value will be calculated for drawing the inference from the collected data. It will enhance the quality of the research outcome through extracting relevant information. Ethical aspects The research would ensure that all the appropriate parties would be regarded with proper respect along with confidentiality being maintained by the competent authorities. Every participant is subject to his or her consent and no influence being used in this regard (Mostafa et al. 2014). Research outcome This research work will help to analyze how the level customer satisfaction can affect the business performance for company Vodafone Australia. Not only Vodafone, but also other companies can be benefited from this study, as it will help analyze the significance of customer satisfaction in business operation in general. Time frame The research aims to comply with the timeline mentioned below. This may be stated as the outcome of the entire research. Time and Task Week One (2nd-4th) week (5th-7th)Week (8th-10th) week (11th -16th) week (17th -20th) week Introduction and Search for Data Research Methodology Design of Data Collection and Methods Data Collection Data Analysis/ Presentation Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion Customer satisfaction always leads to repurchase intension of the customers and therefore, increases the business profitability. Therefore, it is expected that increasing level of customer satisfaction will enhance the business performance of Vodafone Australia. It interprets that Vodafone Australia should effectively deal with the customers for making them satisfied. Reference List Beltrn, F., 2013. The National Broadband Network in Australia and the Ultra-Fast Broadband Network in New Zealand. Management of Broadband Technology and Innovation: Policy, Deployment, and Use, 31, p.182. Dwivedi, A., 2014. Self-Brand Connection With Service Brands: Examining Relationships With Performance Satisfaction, Perceived Value, and Brand Relationship Quality. Services Marketing Quarterly, 35(1), pp.37-53. Fine, B. and Menictas, C., 2012. The who, when, where and how of Smartphone research. Australasian Journal of Market Social Research, 20(2). Garca-Ochoa Mayor, M. and Bajo Dav, N., 2016. Competitive advantages of the mobile phone operators in the Asia Pacific region: analysis from the strategic groups approach. Technology Analysis Strategic Management, 28(5), pp.541-554. Marbach, J., Lages, C.R. and Nunan, D., 2016. Who are you and what do you value? Investigating the role of personality traits and customer-perceived value in online customer engagement. Journal of Marketing Management, 32(5-6), pp.502-525. Mostafa, R., R. Lages, C. and Sksjrvi, M., 2014. The CURE scale: a multidimensional measure of service recovery strategy. Journal of Services Marketing, 28(4), pp.300-310. Widdowson, L. and Li, G., 2013. Telecommunications industry self-regulation: assessing the Telecommunications Industry Ombudsman Scheme in Australia. International Journal of Private Law, 6(3), pp.315-328. Zhang, Y.A., 2014. A Case Study on Collaboration in the Australian Mobile Telecommunication Market. In Collaboration in the Australian and Chinese Mobile Telecommunication Markets (pp. 167-196). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Princeton Accepts 6.1% of Class of 2021 Applicants

Princeton University sent out their admission results to the 31,056 students that submitted their applications earlier this year, the largest pool in the university’s history. Of the total 31,056 applications, only 6.1% were offered admissions to Princetons Class of 2021. The lucky 1,890 students will have until May 1st to accept the offer, and the university is expecting a class size of 1,308 this year. Princeton’s increase in applications saw a spike in Princeton’s Single Choice Early Action (SCEA) program, an 18.3% increase in applicants compared to last year. Of the 5,003 who applied early, 770 were accepted but are not obligated to enroll. This puts Princeton’s early acceptance rate at 15.3%. In comparison, Princeton’s regular acceptance rate this year is 4.2%. Out of the 26,053 who applied regular decision, only 1,120 were accepted and 1,168 were put on a the waitlist. This incoming class is strong academically40% of the applicant pool holds a 4.0 GPA and 45% scored over 1400 on the new SAT. On top of being academically strong, the admitted students are also really diverse in background, income level and racial representation. 53.4% of admitted students self-identified as people of color, 63.8% attended public school and 18.9% are the first in their family to attend college. Princeton follows the need-blind policy for both domestic and international students, so financial aid need will not put them at a disadvantage. The university’s financial aid program is committed to supporting to all admitted students. All aid is in the form of grants that do not need to be repaid so students can graduate debt free. Congratulations to the Princeton Class of 2021! To those still waiting on results, good luck! Check out our list of major admission decision release dateshere.

LINC Dissertation Fellowship Essay Sample

LINC Dissertation Fellowship Essay SampleThe LINC Institute Dissertation Fellowship program provides a unique chance for academicians to build their credentials and to become eligible for tenure-track positions. Unfortunately, while the vast majority of dissertations submitted to this program are accepted and reviewed, there are some dissertations which are lost in the process. While the reasons for this statistic are varied, there are a few things which any LINC Dissertation Fellowship applicant should be aware of before submitting their LINC Dissertation Essay Sample.First, it is important that the applicant and the academic writing team are on the same page regarding the scope of the work and the rigor with which it should be written. If the student is unsure about what type of writing they will be doing within the course of the dissertation, it is best to bring the project to the writers before the start of the project. Both parties can work together to create a working outline o f the project and how the writing will progress from the beginning to the end.One of the most difficult parts of completing an entire dissertation is coming up with ideas and developing relevant research. Dissertations are filled with all kinds of ideas that don't fit with the perspective of the author. Many applicants come up with great ideas for papers and chapters in the early stages of the project, but realize that they may not be able to implement them at the conclusion of the project.It is best to have an overall outline of the paper before submitting it to the program. That way, the program can get a feel for how the work fits together and can provide feedback as to whether or not it fits into the scope of the work. There should be plenty of room between the writer's point of view and the author's on each side of the paper and both sides need to be given a lot of room to express themselves.If the program allows it, the writer and the author should discuss the direction of the paper and the best way to proceed. In many cases, students are very nervous about sharing what they have been working on, so this is often the best way to go about it. If there is a deadline to meet, the program is much more likely to get an idea of the exact direction to take.If the academic writing team is not working well together, it is best to have the writer suggest changes to the writing prior to submitting the LINC Dissertation Fellowship essay sample. Many students panic about sharing their work with other individuals when they first submit it, so having the adviser suggest a few changes to the paper beforehand makes the experience much more relaxed. It is also common for the student to propose a few suggestions which are not feasible to the editor or author, so it is important to bring the writer and the editor up to speed on the objectives of the project prior to sending the application.A common problem with the majority of applications submitted to the LINC program is t he fact that students fail to read the article or write the content of the paper properly. While there are those who think that submission to the program is less important than having a well-written, well-researched thesis, the fact is that the best dissertations are the ones which have an editor reviewing it. With this in mind, it is important to take the time to read and re-read the content several times in order to ensure that there are no mistakes in the paper.It is common for the editors of the programs to ask for more writing feedback from students than they had originally hoped to receive. In the case of the LINC program, this means that the student will have to ask their advisor to provide suggestions for any changes which need to be made to the thesis. While it may be difficult to provide a professional critique of the paper, the writer can make their concerns known in a very brief way that shows their willingness to be a part of the process.

Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic Induction The phenomenon called electromagnetic induction was first noticed and investigated by Michael Faraday, in 1831. Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (emf) in a conductor as a result of a changing magnetic field about the conductor and is a very important concept. Faraday discovered that, whenever the magnetic field about an electromagnet was made to grow and collapse by closing and opening the electric circuit of which it was a part, an electric current could be detected in a separate conductor nearby. Faraday also investigated the possibility that a current could be produced by a magnetic field being placed near a coiled wire. Just placing the magnet near the wire could not produce a current. Faraday discovered that a current could be produced in this situation only if the magnet had some velocity. The magnet could be moved in either a positive or negative direction but had to be in motion to produce any current in the wire.Faraday's experiment with induction between coils ...The current in the coil is called an induced current, because the current is brought about (or "induced") by a changing magnetic field (Cutnell and Johnson 705). The induced current is sustained by an emf. Since a source of emf is always needed to produce a current, the coil itself behaves as if it were a source of emf. The emf is known as an induced emf. Thus, a changing magnetic field induces an emf in the coil, and the emf leads to an induced current (705). He also found that moving a conductor near a stationary permanent magnet caused a current to flow in the wire as long as it was moving as in the magnet and coiled wire set-up. Faraday visualized a magnetic field as composed of many lines of induction, along which a small magnetic compass...

The Chemistry of Love

The Chemistry of Love According to Dr. Helen Fisher, a researcher at Rutgers University, chemistry and love are inextricable. Shes not speaking, though, of the chemistry that makes two people compatible. Instead, shes speaking of the chemicals that are released into our bodies as we experience lust, attraction, and attachment. Chemicals in Each Stage of Love We may think that were using our heads to govern our hearts, but in fact (at least to a degree) were simply responding to the chemicals that help us experience pleasure, excitement, and arousal. Dr. Fisher says there are three stages of love, and each is driven to a degree by a particular set of chemicals.  Ã‚  There is a lot of chemistry involved in feeling attachment, sweaty palms, butterflies in your stomach, etc. Take a look at some of the key biochemical players. Stage 1: Lust If youre feeling eager for a sexual encounter with someone (even if youre not quite sure who youll end up with), chances are youre reacting to the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen. Both of these hormones play an important role in increasing libido in both men and women. Testosterone and estrogen are generated as a result of messages from the hypothalamus of the brain. Testosterone is a very  potent aphrodisiac. Estrogen can make women more libidinous around the time they ovulate (when estrogen levels are at their peak). Stage 2: Attraction Lust is fun, but it may or may not lead to real romance. If you do make it to stage 2 in your relationship, though, chemicals become increasingly important. On the one hand, chemicals associated with attraction can make you feel dreamy. On the other hand, they can make you feel anxious or obsessive. People who are in this early phase of falling in love may even sleep less, or lose their appetite!   Phenylethylamine or PEA: This is a chemical that naturally occurs in the brain and is also found in some foods, such as chocolate. It is a stimulant, much like an amphetamine, that causes the release of norepinephrine and dopamine. This chemical is released when you are falling in love. Its responsible for the head-over-heels, elated part of love.Norepinephrine: When PEA causes this chemical to be released, you feel the effects in the form of sweaty palms and a pounding heart.Dopamine: Dopamine is a neurochemical that appears to be associated with mate selection. An Emory University study found that voles (a type of rodent) chose their mate based on dopamine release. When female voles were injected with dopamine in the presence of a male vole, they could select him from a group of voles later. Stage 3: Attachment Now that youre really committed to someone else, chemicals help you stay connected. Oxytocin: Dopamine triggers the release of oxytocin, which is sometimes called the cuddle hormone. In both genders, oxytocin is released during touching. In women, oxytocin is released during labor and breastfeeding.Serotonin: A chemical that is more prevalent among people with compulsive disorders, serotonin can increase our dependence on another person.Endorphins: Your brain acquires a tolerance to the love stimulants and starts to release endorphins. The honeymoon is over, chemically, around 18 months to 4 years into a relationship. However, this isnt all bad.  Endorphins are associated with feelings  of attachment and comfort. Endorphins are like opiates. They calm anxiety, relieve pain and reduce stress.

Four Internaional Accounting Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Four Internaional Accounting Questions - Essay Example From a creditor’s perspective, they want to be confident that the companies or debt securities their citizens (or the countries themselves) purchase are accurately represented by the published financial statements. 2a. Ever since the onset of modern business and the taxation of corporations, accounting in the US has been rules based. Any major change in the philosophy of accounting will be a challenge. The rules based accounting system dictates exactly how certain transactions should be recorded. The principle based accounting system has few rules. Instead general principles are published and companies are required to ensure their financial statements fairly and accurately represent these principles. I see the main challenge in converting from rules to principles based system will be in the consistency of financial statements. Another challenge will be in educating the investor. Under the principles based system the accountants have much more latitude in the recording of trans actions. For example, depreciation of assets will vary depending on the accountant’s view of useful life.

Personal Managerial Effectiveness - Assignments Essay

Personal Managerial Effectiveness - Assignments - Essay Example urring of boundaries between nations, immigration reforms and the likes, there is a sudden influx of socio-culturally diverse population in the UK, resulting in a highly diverse workplace (Allard, 2002). These changes in the demographic profile of the country have played a key role in the increased significance of workplace diversity and the need for reforms in workplace related laws. Globalization has opened the gates for firms to compete on a global scale. Organizations today are, hence, not only competing on a local or national level but on a much wider global platform. The markets and the demography of a typical consumer have also changed simultaneously. Hence it is imperative for organizations to ensure increased awareness about the need and significance of workplace diversity (Deborah & Smith, 2003). Positive work environment is one of the most coveted aspects of a workplace that promises to foster harmonious working relationships among the employees and greater individual dignity. Considering the benefits offered by a positive and diverse workplace, organisations today are embracing the concept and reaping the benefits offered by a skilled workforce, hired purely on the basis of talent and skills rather than socio-cultural factors. This report on workplace diversity aims to discuss, analyse and explore the concept of workplace diversity, its application, benefits and implications within workplaces in the UK, and the recommendations for improving workplace diversity. The term diversity with regard to workplace refers to differences among employees with regard to a range of factors including age, gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and /or disability. It is also used with regard to acceptance and respect for the individual differences (Hankin, 2005: p. 67). Daft (2007) defines workplace diversity as "a workforce made of people with different human qualities or who belong to various cultural groups". It is also defined as "differences among people

The Tourism Industry In Bangladesh

The Tourism Industry In Bangladesh The tourism industry is a major contributor to the gross state product of many countries (Reige and Perry, 2000) and in the last 50 years, tourism has developed into one of the worlds most powerful, yet provocative, socio-economic forces (Sharpley and Telfer 2008). Travel Tourism industry has become one of the worlds most important and fastest growing economic sectors, generating quality jobs and substantial wealth for economies around the globe (WTTC, 2007). The recent global recession has not caused the tourism industry to grind to a complete halt, and the World Tourism Barometer indicated that the recession only caused a 4% decline in global tourism from 2008-2010 (UNWTO, 2011b) and now it is expected to grow again. WTTC President and CEO, David Scowsill (2011) says Over the next ten years, its total contribution to GDP will rise by 4.2% per annum to US$9.2 trillion, bringing with it 65 million new jobs, but for that growth to be achievable and sustainable, governments must work together with the industry towards smarter policies and legislation that will help Travel Tourism to thrive. In Third world countries, governments encourage tourism investment because of the assumption that it will contribute to economic development of their countries (Hall, 1995). Third world nations and developing nations always seeks the potential benefits of tourism such as increased income, foreign exchange, employments and economic diversification (Sharpley and Telfer, 2008). According to Ferguson (2007) The tourism industry directly provides around 3 per cent of global employment, or 192 million jobs the equivalent to one in every twelve jobs in the formal sector. As with other industrial sectors and fields of academic study, tourism has also developed over the decades and has been influenced by a multitude of internal and external factors. It is not surprising that many aspects of tourism are totally different than they used to be before because of the vast rate of technol ogical change along with social, economic and environmental changes. Bangladesh is one of the worlds most densely populated countries, with its people packed into a delta of rivers that empties into the Bay of Bengal [BBC] (2011). Its implementing its developing plans for a long time. They are not only trying to secure their economic growth but also trying to improve their social living standards. In Bangladesh, tourism was almost non-existent at the countrys independence from Pakistan in 1971. More recently tourism has seen as a means of the contributing to their attainment. Tourism contributes 4.8 % to Bangladeshs Gross Domestic Products (GDP) and employs over 1509100 which contribute 1.9% of direct employments (WTTC, 2011). According to Bhatia (1986 in Jenkins and Tosun, 1998), many countries in the third world do not know the importance of tourism and the impacts that it can have, and Bangladesh is one of those countries. Essentially Jenkins and Tosun (1998) argue that, tourism development took place in most of the places of this world as an unpla nned activity (p 102). Like sustainable development sounds attractive (Butler, 1992: 64), the phrase of sustainable tourism accepted immediately by this country even the meaning of this term is not understood fully. Though sustainable tourism is the in thing across the world, Bangladesh, in spite of being endowed with natures bounties and beauty, still struggles with the concept (Mahmud, 2010). Several destinations in Bangladesh such as Chittagong hill tracts, the Sundarbans, Saint Martin coral island, Nijhum Island, Srimanagol Lawachera rain forest, Tangua Hoar and Coxs Bazar, which could be used as sustainable tourist spots (Mahmud, 2010). Coxs Bazar is the tourist capital of Bangladesh. By popular choice, Coxs Bazar has recently been ranked as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World'(Zamir, 2009), located conveniently on the east-west air-corridor making it a gateway to the Far East. It is endowed with resources and the potential for a tourism industry. In the southern edge of the country has a 125 km (77.6 miles) long beach of soft silvery sand, the worlds longest (Qadir, 2003) and a chain of hills that run parallel to the sea for almost the entire length, towering cliffs, colourful, ancient pagodas and Hindu temples (Anonymous, 2007), in a Riviera-like setting with crescent-shaped low hills overlooking the Bay of Bengal, and most visited tourist destinations in Bangladesh. The range of the hills covered in luxurious green groves is precious locations for tourists. Coxs Bazar is located at the head of this terrain. Coxs Bazar is also known as Panowa, literature meaning yellow flower. Palonkee was its other name. The daughter of the sea Bangladesh is a beautiful surprise for the tourist. Since the tourism is reported as a relatively easy way to earn foreign exchange, many countries are eager to enter international markets as fast as they can (Jafari, 1974) and Bangladesh is one of them. According to Jafari (1974), tourists and news media of a developed countries come to be a kind of promotional agents for a developing country or for a under developing country. Though Hasan in his book development tourism in Bangladesh blames the international news media for representing a wrong appearance of the country and news media carefully avoid telling the world of the brighter side of Bangladesh than the rough side of it (Khairuzzaman, 2008) still there are some positive approaches from the international media. Lonely planet is one of them. The world leader in publishing travel guides and guidebooks Lonely planet recommended Bangladesh as one of the top ten interesting travel destination in 2009 (Thoms en, 2009). This UK based publication Bradt Travel guide is known as a pioneer in tackling unusual destinations, for championing the causes of sustainable travel and for the high quality of writing (Thomsen, 2009). The first guide on Bangladesh published in 2009 and the back cover text states: Bangladesh has a reputation for being poor and beset by flooding, but this republic of rivers rewards those willing to look beyond the headlines. Leave luxuries behind and embark on the richest of travel experiences among some of the sub-continents friendliest people (Thomsen, 2009). This kind of positive focus on Bangladesh is not possible to buy for money. Lack of consistent strategy on cooperation, appropriate knowledge and sustainability; are the great barrier to a positive development of Bangladesh tourism sector. Environmental resources are an important asset not only in Coxs Bazar but to other tourism destinations in all other third world countries. The tourism in Bangladesh is especially popular due to its coastal areas of Coxs Bazar. If environmental resources are important economic assets in Bangladesh, the immediate action that need is that of sustainable utilisation of resources to benefit for present and future generations (Mbaiwa, 2005). It is well established that the presence of tourism in destination always brings with it environmental, socio-culture and economic benefit and this is why it is an effective development tool in any under developing countries and in the case of Bangladesh, A sustainable tourism strategy will have a major positive impact (Thomsen, 2009). When carrying out a broad research on any substance, it is essential to become acquainted with contextual of that topic, by using relevant literatures. For this dissertation, it is most significant to obtain information in a number of different sources. Academic books, journals, newspapers, where available, will be used in the gathering of information for this dissertation. Here in this project, I will outline the history of sustainable tourism development first which will provide the context of how it is developing and will answer either it exists in the Bangladesh, particularly in Coxs bazar. In order to gain this knowledge I will look at different publications related to research issue will be collected from academic books, daily newspaper, projects, related archives and tremendously up to date journals. For this purpose it will be extremely useful to look at relevant internet websites such as the websites of different ministry of Bangladesh and tourism industry based websites. In ternet websites will be an important source to fill in the gap by providing useful information where books and periodicals are not so unequivocal. 2.0: Literature review All tourism includes some travel but not all travel is tourism (Page, 2007). Tourism used to be recognised as an activity undertaken by those who travelled away from home for holidays, to visit relatives or to carry out professional business, in the past. Tourism is a composite of activities, services and industries that deliver a travel experience: transportation, accommodations, eating and drinking establishments, shops entertainment, activity facilities and other hospitality services available for individuals and groups that are travelling away from home (Goeldner and Ritchie, 2009). Therefore it encompasses a wide variety of purposes. The officially accepted definition by UNWTO (1993) is: Tourism comprises the activities of person travelling to and staying places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, businesses and other purposes. This definition challenges the commonly held perception that tourism is purely concerned with recreation and having fun (Holden, 2008). But according to Gunn (1994) the best working definition of tourism is that of by Mathieson and Wall (1982 in Gunn, 1994): Tourism is the temporary movement of people to destinations outsides their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities created to cater to their needs. At the present time, tourism is even more far reaching with wider implications. Specialists have illustrious between mass tourism, which involves those features just mentioned, and alternative tourism, which can include cultural, educational, social, environmental, agricultural and political tourism (Wearing and Neil, 2009). Tourism promotes better cross culture understanding. For any third world and developing countries, tourism is seen as an important tool of their regional development, culture, environmental and in most cases; the tourism portfolio is attached to Economy. This provides us with an initi al insight into the impact of tourism within all countries it has. In addition to social, political and economic concerns, tourism has become a vastly important and global feature of environmental argument. Tourism development which consistently ignores environmental concerns is unlikely to remain viable in the longer term (Pigram, 1990). High volume of tourism can cause environmental including water, air and noise pollution which are extremely destructive to a locations sustainable well-being. It is as a significance of the growing awareness of the harmful effect that tourism has on the environment, as well as a general heightened understanding of how global warming is affecting our planet, that tourism has been given an environmental focus. Indeed, sustainable tourism is now a widely known outlet of tourism, with the state of the environment being given more and more consideration. The term Sustainable Tourism has been introduced in the context of wider debate about environmental sustainability and logically implies a form and level of tourism whi ch maintains a total stock of natural resources (Sinclair, 1998). The growing awareness of environmental damage in this modern technological world is the reason to address this term. Getz (1986) says that when tourism planning was first developed in the 1960s, the disciplines main focus came, almost totally from the perspective of maximizing economic growth (p. 21). Over the decades, the focus has shifted and is now, more sensitive to non-economic issues (p. 32). Murphy (1985) argues that it is the responsibility of the tourism industry to, develop and protect its attractions, whether they are natural or man-made, and become a hospitality industry to make visitor experiences as enjoyable as possible (p. 10). Though it is argued that too much emphasis is placed on relatively short term economic impacts at the cost of considering the long term social and environmental impacts of tourism, thereby encourages in a better awareness of the problems that the industry creates (Holloway et al ., 2009). The importance of sustainable development is to carry growing successes into the future in such a way that future generations are not troubled (Pearce et al., 1990). Sustainability, sustainable tourism and sustainable development are all well-established terms (Liu, 2003). There are two components in the definition of sustainable development. The meaning of development and the condition necessary for sustainability are those two components (Miltin, 1992). Croall (1995) compares sustainability to the link between development and conservation, which should not conflict to each other. According to Bartelmus (1986 in Tosun, 2001), development implies a process that makes an effort to improve the living conditions of people. To meet human needs and wants is the main objective of development (WCED, 1987) which involves wider apprehensions with the quality of life (Pearce et al., 1990). When applied to tourism, as Godfrey (1996 in Gunn, 1994)) points out the concept of sustainable development relates to a form of environmentally friendly tourism. Aside, Rees (Gunn, 1994 p.85) define sustainable tourism development as a positive socio-economic change tha t does not undermine the cultural, ecological and social systems upon which local communities and societies are depended. The concept of sustainability first appeared on the public sense in the report by the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987. The outline of sustainable development is that the economic growth and the environmental conservation are not only friendly but they are partners and one cannot survive without than other. The Brundtland Commission Report defines sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987). The Commission highlighted that sustainable development is not a fixed national agreement, but an active process of changes which are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations (WCED, 1987: 46). A general weakness in the concept of the sustainable tourism development is that its principles and objectives have tended to manifest themselves in sets of guidelines that based on managing the limits of acc eptable environmental and social change, which is unable to account for the almost infinite diversity of tourism development contexts (Sharpley and Telfer, 2008). In a research Liu (2003) found that sustainability is praised by Bramwell and Lane (1993 in Liu, 2003) and according to them it is a positive approach intended to reduce the tensions and friction created by the complex interactions between the tourism industry, tourists, environment and the host communities to maintain the long term capacity and quality of both natural and human resources. Miles of golden sands, towering cliffs, surfing waves, rare conch shells, colourful Pagodas, Buddhist Temples and delightful sea-food all this makes what Coxs Bazar is today , the tourist capital of Bangladesh (NTO). Coxs Bazar is one of the most attractive tourist spots, not only in the Bangladesh but also in the world. The warm, shark free waters are good for bathing and swimming while the sandy beaches offer opportunities for sun-bathing (NTO). The tourist capital of Bangladesh includes conch shell market, tribal handicraft, and salt and prawn cultivation. According to a census of aquatic birds, a total of 15933 birds of 52 species have been spotted in Coxs Bazar (The Daily Star, 2009) can be seen as other attraction. Aggmeda Khyang, a Buddhist monastery at the hills, Himchari picnic spot, just about 8 km from Coxs Bazar, Innani Beach 32 km away from the city, is one of the most spectacular sea beaches in Bangladesh which is very close to the worlds longest sandy beach in Coxs B azaar and it is situated within the Inani protected forest; Sonadia island with very little human visitation, Teknaf peninsula, some 80 km from town and picturesque St. Martin Island to the south at 13 km distance from mainland are the around attraction of Coxs Bazar (Ahammed, 2010). All these places are located around Coxs Bazar and easily accessible by road and water sides what makes this place hub of tourism. As an international destination, Bangladesh has a mixed image. Tourists from abroad perceive a negative awareness of Bangladesh from news media. People from outside perceive as place where the population is living in poverty, corruption and in natural disasters. Though the new seven natural wonders search 2009 have made the country attractive for tourism and is also charted as one of the top ten interesting destinations by new travel books (Quader, 2010). Bangladesh is still one of the countries in South Asia with the fewest arrivals and the lowest revenue earned from the tourism industry. WTTC (2011) predicts that the contribution from travel and tourism will increase 6.3% per annum till 2021. According to Bari (FE, 2010), At present, around 0.50 million international tourists visit Bangladesh each year, It employs one million people. Most of the tourists visited the country for business purpose, and their stay in the country was brief as they had not been offered to explore the hil ls, seas and forests of the country brimming with natural beauty (Mahmud, 2010). The only cause for this is the lack of awareness and proper arrangements. Though the economic contribution of tourism and the share of Coxs Bazar to the national economy are not studied with reliable statistics (Ahammed, 2010) still the tourism industry leaders said in Financial Express (FE, 2010) that Bangladesh can earn US$2.0 billion in annual revenue from the tourism sector if it can attract two million international tourists. According to the general manager of Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation, revenue earning from the tourism sector is experiencing a downward trend and the revenue from tourism sector was approximately  £51 million in 2008, which came down to  £47 million in 2009. Till June 2010, the revenue was  £26 million (FE, 2010). Tourism in Bangladesh is managed by Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation under the Ministry of Civil Aviation and tourism. There is no doubt that tourism is an effective development tool, helps economy to generate revenue, country gets benefited as well as the private sector and local community, Consciousness on preservation of nature and protection of environment tends to increase. Though Coxs Bazar is easily accessible by road, still there is no rail links in this city. The government spending huge amount of money to get Coxs Bazar rail linked within 2 years. Governments infrastructure development planning includes the work on the upgraded submarine cable connection of Coxs Bazar Landing Station to increase the bandwidth (Unb, 2011). Development of major infrastructure to serve resorts should be coordinated to meet the demands of the industry with boarder economic and social needs (Brohman, 1996). The presence of tourism in any destination always brings environmental, socio- culture and economic impacts. Less developed destinations like Coxs Bazar are more susceptible. Development of tourism in Coxs bazar brings external money flow which drives the living standard of the locals to higher level. Development of tourism in Coxs Bazar on a long-term basis is to give due importance to the above impacts for its sustainability. It needs a long term planning, continuous development work, avoid the negative impacts and investment timing have to be predetermined (Quader, 2010). The current growth in tourist numbers to Coxs bazar has led to the recognition that consideration needs to be given to a sustainable tourism development strategy if the site is to be maintained for future generations. 3.0 Aims and objectives In undertaking this investigation, this dissertation has number of aims and objectives. As sustainable tourism is a very well established term in modern tourism industry due to a heightened environmental awareness, it is important to understand how it functions and whom it targets. The goal of environmentally sustainability is a maximum level of desired outcome such as economic profit, quality of life what will maintain in a steady way, subject to constraints imposed by environment. Basis on this concept it can be said that environmentally sustainable tourism implies a key importance on maintaining a certain level of environmental quality. This is highlighting that, a sustainable environment and a viable tourism industry are essential elements to make an environmentally sustainable tourism (Johnston Tyrrell, 2007). In order to do understand the term and the function of environmentally sustainable tourism, it will first be necessary to outline the basics of the tourism industry in le ss developed country like Bangladesh and how it has changed over the years. By doing this it will be possible to better understand how the sustainable tourism industry fits into Coxs Bazar. 3.1: Aims The core aim of the social and economic perspectives of tourism is to inspire more international and domestic tourists to promote the growth of tourist value which focus on creating employment, achieving revenue, developing local engagement (Gilmore et al., 2007) and enable some members of the population to move from the informal sector to higher paid jobs in the formal sector (Sinclair, 1998). The environmental aim is often conflict between the economic and social perceptions which is to protect and to conserve both culture and the environment (Gilmore et al., 2007). The host population is itself a part of the tourism product. The rapid growth of tourism in any less developed countries and destinations raises questions of sustainable tourism development, particularly the access and economic benefits to local economies. For this dissertation, it is most important to know the various facets of the relationship between host population and tourism industry of Coxs Bazar of Bangladesh. T he locals are subjects to be viewed and interacted with, or settings for tourist activities, and their attitudes and behaviour constitute the hospitality resource of a destination (Smith, 1994). According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (1993), tourism is sustainable when it improves the quality of life of the host community; provides a high quality of experience for the visitor; and maintains the quality of the environment on which both the host community and the visitor depend. Coxs Bazar have limited opportunities and resources for agriculture or industrial development and are turning to tourism to create the major source of economy though a huge part of population are still involved in fishing, collecting sea foods and sea products for their livelihood. Traditionally, it is a conservative society and socio-culture, economy and the quality of life is still below than national average (Ahammed, 2010). The aim of this project is to critically assess whether Coxs Bazar in Bangladesh can be developed in a sustainable way. 3.2: Objectives Finally, having completed a thorough investigation and after evaluation of the data collected will leads up to the current prevalence of the sustainable tourism in Coxs Bazar, it will then be possible to imagine how the industry may develop in future. Objectives are Æ’ËÅ" To evaluate and define sustainable tourism development in term of environment, economic and culture. Æ’ËÅ" To investigate and find the specific requirement for sustainable tourism development in Coxs Bazar. Æ’ËÅ" Critically discuss whether the people of tourism industry in Bangladesh really know the meaning of sustainable development? Æ’ËÅ" To illustrate useful conclusions and make effective recommendations on sustainable tourism development for Coxs Bazar that can be implemented by the tourism authority of Bangladesh. 4.0: Methodology and Method The following section of this dissertation shall outline the methodology and the method that shall be employed for the primary research section of this dissertation. 4.1: Methodology In tourism research there is an on-going need for statistical insights but qualitative research offers a great deal of understanding at social life from in a different way (Phillimore and Goodson, 2004). Phillimore and Goodson (2004) argue that tourism researchers are not bound to adopt a simple set of methods, and are therefore free to combine a wide range of approaches with a more sophisticated attitude to use qualitative research. This project used both primary and secondary data resources. In terms of primary data sources, this dissertation relied on the research work that I have carried out on sustainable tourism development in Coxs Bazar. Priority was given to the semi structured interviews I took in April 2011 which resulted in to develop conclusions and recommendations based on the findings that could be implemented in Coxs Bazar. In order to give concrete load to the primary research conducted this research will also contain some secondary research. Collecting data from people who are involved with the tourism industry in Bangladesh will give considerable ideas that will have been formed by looking at secondary literature. It will also provide the dissertation with a personal insight which cannot be gained from conducting qualitative research alone. 4.1.1: Primary Research From the outset, I decided that my research objectives more easily lend themselves to more qualitative forms of analysis. This study is essentially attempting to determine how a number of complex concepts impact and relate to one another. It requires the subject area to be looked at from a number of different perspectives and for links between these separate perspectives to be determined. Britten et al (1995) suggest that employing qualitative methodology allows for the researcher to, Address research questions of immediate relevance which are otherwise difficult to investigate (p. 105). Flick et al (2004) go on to point out that the use of qualitative methodology can aide in, the understanding of complex relationships rather than explanation by isolation of a single relationship, such as cause and effect' (p. 8). Sofaer (1999) further argues that this can result in, rich descriptions of phenomenaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it not only serves the desire to describe; it also helps move the enquiry towards more meaningful explanations (p. 1102). It is for these reasons that this study will approach the research objectives from a qualitative, rather than giving practical weight to quantitative, approach. 4.1.2: Secondary Research Secondary analysis has a well-established pedigree. This will provide the useful information in order to understand the background of the subject. Hakim (1982) state that, secondary data analysis is any further analysis of an existing dataset which presents interpretations, conclusions or knowledge additional to, or different from, those produced in the first report on the inquiry as a whole and its main results(p 1). Secondary data can embrace a whole range of experimental forms; it can include the data generated through systematic reviews, through documentary analysis as well as the results from government sponsored surveys (Smith, 2008). Secondary literature provides a considerable source for appreciative which is necessary when making decisions regarding any topic and placing advance theories to develop situations. 4.2: Method The first method that was considered was focus groups. MacNaghten and Myers (2004) suggest that this method is most useful for researchers who perhaps, are not entirely sure what categories, links and perspectives are relevant (p. 65). However, this method can yield data that can be difficult to understand and interpret. For an inexperienced researcher this could present a problem and could lead to data that is perhaps not as rich as it could be. I finally chose semi-structured interviews as my primary research method. Kvale (1983) states that the use of this method presents the researcher with the opportunity to, gather the life-world of the interviewee with respect to interpretation of the meaning of the described phenomena (p. 174). It is this real world experience that will give my data real depth and will hopefully help me to understand some of the complex problems faced by my respondents. Another advantage of this method is outlined by Blee and Taylor (1995) who argue that semi-structured interviews places human agency, at the centre of the movement analysis. Qualitative interviews are a window into the everyday world of activists, and they generate representations that embody the subjects voices, minimizing, at least as much as possible, the voice of the researcher (p. 96). I had hoped to be able to conduct this research in Coxs Bazar. However, it became clear to me early in my research that this was not likely to be popular. Instead, I chose to focus my research on travel agencies in the UK who offer holidays to Coxs Bazar and other parts of Bangladesh. I chose to draw my sample group from agencies located in Bangladeshi communities. Tower Hamlets, Manchester and Oldham have arguably the highest concentration of Bangladeshis in the country, so I chose to target travel agents here. As people working in the industry are answering my questionnaires, I assured them that they will remain anonymous to make them feel more confident to give honest answer. I phoned round several agencies and managed to secure interviews with 5 travel agents. A few days before the interviews, these respondents were sent an outline of my study so that they could perhaps begin to prepare their responses. This would hopefully yield richer data for me to use. These interviews were mostly conducted face to face, although two was conducted over the phone and Skype. I recorded the interviews and took extensive notes during them. I was conscious of the fact that, in semi-structured interviewing, analysis and interpretation are on-going processes (Blee and Taylor, 2002: 110). Unlike in quantitative data collection where one waits until all the data is collected before starting the analysis process, with qualitative data collection, the analysis is an on-going process. In the analysis of the data, I employed a fairly liberal interpretation of the grounded theory method. Stern (1994) suggests that this method is most helpful for researchers exploring new subject a reas or who simply want to gain a fresh perspective on a familiar situation (p. 30). The use of this method demands that the researcher constantly re-evaluates the data collected and then categorizes and codes it. I decided that my codes would be the objectives set at the start of this dissertation. I re-listened to my interviews to my interviews a number of times to find parts of the data that best met my objectives. The following section of this dissertation will present the findings from the primary research and discuss these in light of the findings from the literature search. The objectives of the study (see 3.2) were used as markers in the interviews. Although the respondents were allowed to veer off track, I always tried to bring the discussion back to the four main objectives guiding this research. Notes: I did not add references cause of the word limits. Once I finalised this work I will go through Gold proofread again.